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銆€銆€1銆€To describe a baby’s growth, the old saying “one thing leads to another” should really read锛�“one thing leads to an explosion.”1 The perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up allow appreciation of visual space. The evolution of increasingly efficient reaching also lets the baby appreciate and participate in his three-dimensional world.

銆€銆€2銆€You may notice that your baby can grab toys with either hand. This is partly because the baby has learned to grasp an object even if it touches his hand lightly or his eyes are averted. By the end of the fourth month, he can probably alternate hands to grab the toys or transfer a toy from one hand to the other. He may even wave it briskly, then transfer it and repeat the waving, shuttling it back and forth between hands. In imitating the behavior of one hand with the other, the baby may be becoming aware that he can do the same thing with each arm and that each hand is distinct from the other. This awareness is important to his receiving information about space. The baby also begins to see himself act when he repeatedly reaches for and grasps things. He starts to distinguish himself from the outer world.

銆€銆€3銆€If you would like another sign of this growth process, try one of Gesell’s measures of mental growth, the behavior of a baby before a mirror. According to Gesell, a baby will smile at his image at around twenty weeks of age. Hold your baby up to a mirror and watch him examine the faces there.2 He will probably attend most to his own image and perhaps smile at it. As his image returns the smile, he may become active and vocalize. He may also look back and forth between your image and you as if the duplication puzzles him. A baby who knows his mother’s face cannot understand two of them. Calling softly to your baby, as he looks at your confusing double, complicates matters even further.3 His turning back to the real you shows that a baby four months old is likely to have the ability of preference in discrimination.4

銆€銆€4銆€An early attachment to one object —a toy or a stuffed animal —is another index of discrimination, as well as self-development, for the baby’s interests are going beyond himself.5 Most babies do not prefer one toy this early6, but some will. After exploring each toy, your baby may start reaching and playing with one special one. In the months to come, the toy or anything else the baby identifies with himself by wearing or carrying may become a "lovely". A "lovely" will be slept with, chewed, hugged, loved, and "talked to". These "lovelies" give the baby a way of coping with the necessary separations from the mother.7 A friendly and familiar toy bear may just make him easier on himself. Rather than feeling threatened, a mother should be flattered by her baby’s extension of affection elsewhere. A baby with the heart to find a "lovey" is showing early mental resourcefulness and flexibility.

銆€銆€绶寸繏(x铆)锛�

銆€銆€1.Paragraph l _________.

銆€銆€2.Paragraph 2 _________.

銆€銆€3.Paragraph 3 _________.

銆€銆€4.Paragraph 4 _________.

銆€銆€A銆€Gesell's Measure of the Baby's Mental Growth

銆€銆€B銆€Growth of the Baby Through Playing with Toys

銆€銆€C銆€The Baby's Confusion in Front of a Mirror

銆€銆€D銆€Significance of Each Stage of Development in a Baby's Life

銆€銆€E銆€The Baby's Love for "Lovelies" Indicates Early Mental Resourcefulness and Flexibility

銆€銆€F銆€The Functions of a "Lovey"

銆€銆€5.The baby’s ability to sense the visual space owes to _________.

銆€銆€6.In imitating the behavior of one hand with the other, the baby is able to _________.

銆€銆€7.A銆€baby will smile at his image at _________.

銆€銆€8.The baby’s extension of affection should make the mother _________.

銆€銆€A銆€around twenty weeks of age

銆€銆€B銆€feel flattered

銆€銆€C銆€tell one hand from the other

銆€銆€D銆€the perfection of vision and the ability to hold his head up

銆€銆€E銆€has preference among his toys

銆€銆€F銆€explore his toys

銆€銆€绛旀鑸囬瑙ｏ細

銆€銆€1.D銆€绗竴娈垫寚鍑哄湪瀣板厭鐨勭敓闀烽亷绋嬩腑锛屼竴鍊嬬櫦(f膩)灞曞彲浠ュ紩璧蜂竴绯诲垪鏇寸偤閲嶈鐨勭櫦(f膩)灞�銆傚洜姝ゆ噳(y墨ng)閬告搰D銆�

銆€銆€2.B銆€绗簩娈垫弿瀵簡瀣板厭鐜╃帺鍏风殑涓€浜涘嫊浣�锛岄€�(j矛n)鑰屾寚鍑洪€欎簺鍕曚綔灏嶅鍏掔櫦(f膩)灞曠殑閲嶈鎬с€傛墍浠ユ噳(y墨ng)閬告搰B銆�

銆€銆€3.A銆€绗笁娈甸棥杩板浣曚娇鐢℅esell鐨勬柟娉曞€熺敤閺″瓙娓噺瀣板厭鐨勬櫤鍔涚櫦(f膩)灞曘€傛墍浠ユ噳(y墨ng)閬告搰A銆�

銆€銆€4.E銆€绗洓娈垫寚鍑烘湁浜嗛悩鎰涚殑鐜╁叿璀夋槑瀣板厭鏈変簡灏嶅鐣岀殑閬╂噳(y墨ng)鎬с€傛墍浠ユ噳(y墨ng)閬告搰E銆�

銆€銆€5.D銆€绗竴娈典腑鎸囧嚭锛屽鍏掕瑕虹殑瀹屽杽鍜屽皣闋姮璧风殑鑳藉姏浣垮叾鑳藉娆ｈ碁鍛ㄥ湇鐨勪笘鐣屻€傚洜姝ゆ噳(y墨ng)閬告搰D銆�

銆€銆€6.C銆€绗簩娈甸棥鏄庯紝閫氶亷鐢ㄤ竴鍙墜妯′豢鍙︿竴鍙墜鐨勫嫊浣�锛屽鍏掗€愭几瑾�(r猫n)璀樺埌涓€鍙墜鑸囧彟涓€鍙墜鐨勫崁(q奴)鍒�銆傚洜姝ゆ噳(y墨ng)閬告搰C銆�

銆€銆€7.A銆€绗笁娈靛湪闂¤堪Gesell娓噺瀣板厭鏅哄姏鐧�(f膩)灞曠殑鏂规硶鏅傛彁鍒�锛屽鍏掑彲鍦�20鍛ㄥ乏鍙冲皪鑷繁鐨勫舰璞″井绗�銆傛墍浠ユ噳(y墨ng)閬告搰A銆�

銆€銆€8.B銆€绗洓娈垫寚鍑哄瀛愬枩濂界殑寤朵几鏄鍏掗仼鎳�(y墨ng)鎬х櫦(f膩)灞曠殑璀夋槑銆傚洜姝わ紝姣嶈Κ涓嶆噳(y墨ng)鎰熷埌鏈変换浣曚笉瀹�锛岃€屾噳(y墨ng)鎰熷埌椹曞偛銆傛墍浠ユ噳(y墨ng)閬告搰B銆�

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銆€銆€鐠�(hu谩n)鐞冪恫(w菐ng)鏍″弸鎯呮彁绀猴細2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶€冭│鍗冲皣闁嬪锛屾湰鏂囨暣鐞�“2016骞磋伔绋辫嫳瑾炶(w猫i)鐢熼A绱氭鎷ぇ鎰忔ā鎿反缈�(x铆)(6)”,渚涜€冪敓鍙冭€冪反缈�(x铆)銆傚鏋滄偍鍦ㄦ閬庣▼涓亣鍒颁换浣曠枒鍟忥紝璜嬬櫥閷勭挵(hu谩n)鐞冪恫(w菐ng)鏍�鑱风ū鑻辫獮闋婚亾鍙婅伔绋�鑻辫獮璜栧锛屾垜鍊戦毃鏅傝垏寤ｅぇ鑰冪敓鏈嬪弸鍊戜竴璧蜂氦娴�!

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銆€銆€Optimists Really Do Live Longer, Say Scientists

銆€銆€1. For the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer optimism was fundamentally wrong, banal and corrupting, while the father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Frend simply declared it to be neurotic.

銆€銆€2. Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health. In other words optimists live longer.

銆€銆€3. That was the conclusion reached by experts at the Mayo Clinic in the U. S. State of Minnesota who evaluated answers given by people to a set of questions in the 1960s. Of the 729 candidates, 200 had died and according to scientists, there were a disproportionate number of pessimists among them.

銆€銆€4. Ten points more on the pessimism scale—that was the difference between “slightly pessimistic” and “averagely pessimistic” — were enough to boost a person’s chances of dying by 19 percent, according to the study by prominent psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania.

銆€銆€5. The study does not say why pessimists die but an older survey taken among children in San Francisco and Los Angeles makes it clear that personal attitude towards the world is a key factor in the longevity equation.

銆€銆€6. The latest evidence to support the theory that optimists tend to cope better with illness of all kinds has been provided by Professor Ralf Schwarzer of Berlin's Free University who questioned 600 heart and lung patients. His conclusion: Optimists recover more swiftly from operations than their pessimistic counterparts; tend to be happier after treatment and return to work more swiftly.

銆€銆€7. There have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health. Numerous surveys have taken into account a person's state of health at the outset and the effect remains the same.

銆€銆€8. Studies have shown that optimists do not blind themselves to reality either. They thus interpret it in a positive way. “Sublimating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light.” said Californian psychology professor Shelley Taylor.

銆€銆€9. German science journal “Bild der Wissenschaft”, which carries a major article on the topic in its current March issue, commented on “the right attitude” to having a tumor.

銆€銆€10. It seems psychotherapy can go some way towards extending the life span and life quality of a sick person although a complete recovery using psychological technique alone is unlikely.

銆€銆€11. Doctors like, however, to point to the example of U. S. cycling professional Lance Armstrong, who was seriously ill with cancer, but whose unshakable optimism helped him to take the top trophy twice at cycling's premier Tour de France.

銆€銆€12. The magazine also quoted a study by Sheldon Cohens of the Carnegie-Mellon-University in Pittsburgh:420 volunteers were deliberately infected with strains of various common cold viruses. A day later checks were carried out to see who had caught a cold.

銆€銆€13. The results showed that in the case of people who had satisfactory, long-term relations with friends neighbors or colleagues, the virus was less likely to trigger a cold. Of people with three or fewer firm relationships 62 percent became ill compared with only 35 percent of those who had six or more close human links.

銆€銆€绶寸繏(x铆)锛�

銆€銆€1. Paragraph 2 ______________

銆€銆€2. Paragraph 6 ______________

銆€銆€3. Paragraph 7 ______________

銆€銆€4. Paragraph 8 ______________

銆€銆€A. Quicker recovery from illness

銆€銆€B. A longer life

銆€銆€C. From good health to optimism

銆€銆€D. A positive way of understanding reality

銆€銆€E. Optimism and pessimism

銆€銆€F. Optimists with illusions

銆€銆€5. Some scholars did not believe ______________.

銆€銆€6. How long one can live partly depends on ______________.

銆€銆€7. An optimist does not necessarily try ______________.

銆€銆€8. An experiment showed that optimists were ______________.

銆€銆€A. to avoid unpleasant things in life

銆€銆€B. in looking on the bright side of life

銆€銆€C. less likely to catch cold

銆€銆€D. how one looks on life

銆€銆€E. to be unhappy all the time

銆€銆€F. more likely to get cancer

銆€銆€绛旀鑸囬瑙ｏ細

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