The process of logistics integration can be divided into four stages:

　　Stage1.Began in the early 1960s in the USA and involved the integration of all activities as-sociated with distribution.Separate distribution departments were to coordinate the management of all processes within physical distribution management(PDM).

　　Stage2.PDM was applied to the inbound movement of materials ,components, and subas-semblies,generally known as "materials management ".By the late 1970s,many firms had es-tablished "logistics departments" with overall responsibility for the movement,storage,andhan-dling of products upstream and downstrem of the orodution operation.

　　Stage3.Logistics plays an important coordinating role, as it interfaces with most other func-tions.With the emergece of business process re-engineeing(BPR) in the early 1990s, the rela-tionship between logistics and related functions was redefineD. "Systems integration" occurre

　　D.Cross-functional integration should achieve greater results.Stage4. Establish Supply Chain Management(SCM)to achieve supply chian optimization and minimize inventory.

　　Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.

　　11、What is the meaning of integration? (　A )

　　A.To link some separate factors as a whole chain

　　B.United

　　C.To put together

　　D.Mixture

　　12、How many stages in the processing of logistics integration?( D　)

　　A.One

　　B.Two

　　C.Three

　　D.Four

　　13、What is PDM? (　B )

　　A.Production distribution management

　　B.Physical distribution management

　　C.Processing distribution management

　　D.Pallets distribution management

　　14、What is BPR ? ( C　)

　　A.Business Production relation

　　B.Business promotion relation

　　C.Business process re-engineering

　　D.Business placement ratio

　　15、What is SCM ? ( D　)

　　A.Supply Customer Management

　　B.Support Customer Management

　　C.Supply Chain Materials

　　D.Supply Chain Management

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