銆€銆€涓€銆佸闆诲瓙鍘熷瓙杌岄亾鑳界礆

銆€銆€杌岄亾锛氳垏姘師瀛愰浼硷紝鍏堕浕瀛愰亱鍕曠媭鎱�(t脿i)鍙弿杩扮偤1s, 2s, 2px, 2py, 2pz, 3s…

銆€銆€鑳介噺锛氳垏姘師瀛愪笉鍚�, 鑳介噺涓嶅儏鑸噉鏈夐棞(gu膩n), 涔熻垏l鏈夐棞(gu膩n); 鍦ㄥ鍔犵鍫寸殑浣滅敤涓�, 閭�

銆€銆€鑸噈鏈夐棞(gu膩n)銆�

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銆€銆€鐗归粸锛�(1)杩戜技鑳界礆鍦栨槸鎸夊師瀛愯粚閬撹兘閲忛珮浣庢帓鍒楃殑;鑳介噺鐩歌繎鐨勮兘绱氬妰鍒嗙偤涓€绲�——绋辩偤鑳界礆绲�;閫氬父鏈�7鍊嬭兘绱氱祫;

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銆€銆€2銆佸睆钄芥晥鎳�(y墨ng)

銆€銆€灏嶅柈闆诲瓙鍘熷瓙锛屽H锛孼=1锛屾牳澶栧彧鏈変竴鍊嬮浕瀛�锛孍 鍙垏 n 鏈夐棞(gu膩n);

銆€銆€灏嶅闆诲瓙鍘熷瓙锛屼竴鍊嬮浕瀛愪笉鍍呭彈鍒板師瀛愭牳鐨勫惛寮�锛岃€屼笖閭勫彈鍒板叾瀹冮浕瀛愮殑鏂ュ姏锛屽挨濡傛牳闆昏嵎鏁�(sh霉)娓涘皯浜�σ鍊�

銆€銆€Z-σ= Z*锛� Z* —鏈夋晥鏍搁浕鑽锋暩(sh霉)锛� σ—灞忚斀甯告暩(sh霉)

銆€銆€澶氶浕瀛愬師瀛愪腑鐢变簬鍏跺畠闆诲瓙灏嶆煇涓€闆诲瓙鐨勬帓鏂ヤ綔鐢ㄨ€屾姷娑堜簡閮ㄥ垎鏍搁浕鑽�锛屼娇鏈夋晥鏍搁浕鑽� 闄嶄綆锛屾牳灏嶈┎闆诲瓙鐨勫惛寮曞姏琚墛寮辩殑浣滅敤绋辩偤灞忚斀浣滅敤鎴栧睆钄芥晥鎳�(y墨ng)銆�

銆€銆€3銆侀墕绌挎晥鎳�(y墨ng)

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銆€銆€2s,2p杌岄亾鐨勫緫鍚戝垎甯冨湒 3d 鑸� 4s杌岄亾鐨勫緫鍚戝垎甯冨湒

銆€銆€閴嗙┛鏁堟噳(y墨ng)

銆€銆€——澶栧堡闆诲瓙閴嗗埌鍏�(n猫i)灞ょ┖闁撻潬杩戝師瀛愭牳锛屽彈鍒板師瀛愭牳杓冨挤鍚稿紩,浣胯兘閲忛檷浣庣殑浣滅敤銆�

銆€銆€n 鐩稿悓锛� l 涓嶅悓鏅傦紝閴嗙┛鏁堟噳(y墨ng) ns > np > nd > nf ( 瑙ｉ噵鑳界礆鍒嗚)

銆€銆€瑙ｉ噵鑳界礆浜ら尟

銆€銆€浜�銆� 鏍稿闆诲瓙鎺掑竷

銆€銆€鏍稿闆诲瓙鍒嗗竷涓夎(gu墨)鍓囷細

銆€銆€鏈€浣庤兘閲忓師鐞嗭細闆诲瓙鍦ㄦ牳澶栨帓鍒楁噳(y墨ng)鐩″厛鍒嗗竷鍦ㄤ綆鑳界礆杌岄亾涓�, 浣挎暣鍊嬪師瀛愮郴绲�(t菕ng)鑳介噺鏈€ 浣�銆�

銆€銆€Pauli涓嶇浉瀹瑰師鐞�:

銆€銆€姣忓€嬪師瀛愯粚閬撲腑鏈€澶氬绱嶅叐鍊嬭嚜鏃嬫柟寮忕浉鍙嶇殑闆诲瓙銆�(鍗冲湪鍚屼竴鍊嬪師瀛愪腑娌掓湁鍥涘€嬮噺瀛愭暩(sh霉)瀹屽叏灏嶆噳(y墨ng)鐩稿悓鐨勯浕瀛�)

銆€銆€Hund 瑕�(gu墨)鍓�:

銆€銆€鍦� n 鍜� l 鐩稿悓鐨勮粚閬撲笂鍒嗗竷鐨勯浕瀛�,灏囩洝鍙兘鍒嗗崰 m 鍊间笉鍚岀殑杌岄亾, 涓旇嚜鏃嬪钩琛�銆�

銆€銆€1銆佹瘡涓€绋亱鍕曠媭鎱�(t脿i)鍙兘鏈変竴鍊嬮浕瀛�;

銆€銆€2銆佹瘡鍊嬭粚閬撴渶澶氳兘瀹圭磵鍏╁€嬭嚜鏃嬬浉鍙嶇殑闆诲瓙;

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銆€銆€鐣�(d膩ng)杌岄亾铏曚簬鍏ㄦ豢銆佸崐婊挎檪锛屽師瀛愯純绌�(w臎n)瀹氥€�

銆€銆€闆昏矤(f霉)鎬х殑妯�(bi膩o)搴︽湁澶氱ó锛屽父瑕嬬殑鏈塎ulliken妯�(bi膩o)搴�( )锛� Pauling妯�(bi膩o)搴�( )鍜孉llred-Rochow 妯�(bi膩o)搴�( )銆�

銆€銆€闆昏矤(f霉)鎬ф(bi膩o)搴︿笉鍚岋紝鏁�(sh霉)鎿�(j霉)涓嶅悓锛屼絾鍦ㄥ懆鏈熺郴涓畩鍖栬(gu墨)寰嬫槸涓€鑷寸殑銆傞浕璨�(f霉)鎬у彲浠ョ稖鍚堣　閲忓悇绋厓绱犵殑閲戝爆鎬у拰闈為噾灞€с€傚悓涓€鍛ㄦ湡寰炲乏鍒板彸闆昏矤(f霉)鎬т緷娆″澶�;鍚屼竴涓绘棌寰炰笂鍒颁笅闆昏矤(f霉)鎬т緷娆¤畩灏�锛孎(xi脿n) 鍏冪礌 c 鐐�3.98锛岄潪閲戝爆鎬ф渶寮�銆傞浕璨�(f霉)鎬ф渶灏�—Cs,閲戝爆鎬ф渶寮�銆�

銆€銆€     绶ㄨ集鎺ㄨ枽: